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Sunday, January 30, 2011

Placing Special Characters into a Text file.......



  We often feel problem when we have to put some spacial characters like ∞, â and many more these symbols are not listed in normal keyboards. For placing these symbols on blog or any text file in windows there are two methods. These are native windows services so no need to download any software for this kind of formatting.

Following are methods of placing these characters into text file:

1. Character Map: For placing the characters from the character map follow the following steps:

i.   Press "Windows+R", a run dialog box will appear.
ii.  Type "charmap" without quotation and press enter.
iii. A character map will open. Select the symbol which has to be past.
iv.  Press Select button you can make string of symbols using select button.
v.   Press copy button and past where you need it.

2. Alt Keystroke : One can past any sysmbol into a text file using " alt + <symbol number> " Only Extended ASCII symbols can placed using this method. But character map will place unicode symbols.
  For Example press Alt+65 this will place the 'A' in the text.
Other alt key code are given below. Use them for format the text files.

Alt + 1   ☺
2 ☻
3 ♥
4 ♦
5 ♣
6 ♠
7 •
8 ◘
9 ○
10 ◙
11 ♂
12 ♀
13 ♪
14 ♫
15 ☼
16 ►
17 ◄
18 ↕
19 ‼
20 ¶
21 §
22 ▬
23 ↨
24 ↑
25 ↓
26 →
27 ←
28 ∟
29 ↔
30 ▲
31 ▼
32   'space'
33 !
34 "
35 #
36 $
37 %
38 &
39 '
40 (
41 )
42 *
43 +
44 ,
45 -
46 .
47 /
127 ⌂
128 Ç
129 ü
130 é
131 â
132 ä
133 à
134 å
135 ç
136 ê
137 ë
138 è
139 ï
140 î
141 ì
142 Ä
143 Å
144 É
145 æ
146 Æ
147 ô
148 ö
224 α
225 ß
226 Γ
227 π
228 Σ
229 σ
230 µ
231 τ
232 Φ
233 Θ
234 Ω
235 δ
236 ∞
237 φ

These are some examples of them...
for the full character set use following link.

Friday, January 28, 2011

Eelectromagnetic Wave Reflection, Refraction Diffraction at High and Low Frequency

 

  We read in books that electromagnetic wave is reflected, refracted and diffracted when strike to physical objects. A question arise in mind that why this wave behaves like this ?
 
  The more and more thorough studies of EM waves will explain the mysteries behind strange behavior of them. Like all phenomenon of EM wave the reflection, refraction and diffraction also can't explained by assuming light as only particle or only wave, here also dual nature of matter will come into account.
 
  We can assume light as waves at lower frequency and one must have to assume light as particle at higher frequency.
 
  So now firstly we can explain these phenomenon at lower frequency from Radio waves to Microwave by taking EM waves as Wave nature. The explanation for these is as follows:

1. Reflection: Reflection is occur when an EM wave hit any surface then the Electric and Magnetic field present in the wave tries to move charge particle according to them i.e. electron experience force according to wave changing it's magnitude with time. When wave get enough electron motion trapped in motion with it, that is resonance condition between wave frequency and electron circular motion. So when electrons are intended to move then they absorbs energy from wave and become unstable, so they re-emits that energy. And because the electrons are moving with same frequency and phase as the incident wave the re-emited wave has the same frequency and phase. That is the reason behind all the metal reflect a large band of EM wave because they have a much higher no. of free electrons due to metallic bonds. So those material which have greater conductivity reflects more broad band of EM spectrum.

2. Refraction: When EM wave is incident on a material such that it have more high frequency or high angular velocity that the materials electron can't move at such a high rate then the wave energy is not absorbed by the electron motion and ray is pass through the matter. But due to presence of tightly bond electrons they absorbs a little energy and re-emits immediately thus a delay factor is introduce in the wave path. So it will slow down the wave passing through the substance, and so the ray will bent by a factor what is called Refractive index.

3. Diffraction: When EM wave is incident on a sharp edge of any substance then some part of wave is stopped by the substance and other is moving with the velocity of light. Hence the light will bent at the sharp edge of any substance. The stopped energy of EM wave is trapped in electron motion thus they re-emit the energy as a light source in all the direction this is called Diffraction.

  But these explanation will fail when we extremely increase the frequency and thus energy of EM wave. Ultra Violet to Cosmic Rays phenomenon can be explained by quantum theory.

1. Reflection: Reflection will take place when the bonding energy Δm is equal or grater than the wave packet energy. They absorbs the wave packet and the and then re-emits them with same energy. That's why visible light blocks and reflected by the most substances but X-ray and gamma ray pass through them.

2. Refraction: When wave energy is greater than bonding energy then the wave pass through the substance. The wave will apply pressure on an atom this atom will absorbs the packet and become unstable, so it re-emits the packet in same direction as the atom absorbed it. Thus the wave slow down when moving through the substances. The delay factor is so low that the packet re-emitted before it's energy start the breaking of bonds on substances.

3. Diffraction: When a train of EM wave packet is strike onto a sharp edge then some of packet are absorbed and other go straight then due to missing mass they bend slightly inward the sharp edge. And absorbed packets are re-emitted by atoms in all the directions.

  This was the mystery of EM wave.....

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Thursday, January 27, 2011

Seminar Topics for ECE....

Here are links for latest news in electronics and communication feilds...

http://www.semiconductor-today.com/?gclid=CKL21Ke32qYCFQUb6wod-27t7A

http://www.ehow.com/about_5488063_latest-discoveries-technology.html

http://www.wiley-vch.de/util/hottopics/o-electronics/

http://edufive.com/seminartopics/Electronics.html

http://www.seminarsonly.com/electronics/electronics%20seminar%20topics.php

http://www.101seminartopics.com/

Electronics & Communication Seminar Topic List

1. Double image mixing for D stereoscopic vision
2. Common Challenges in Image Processings
3. Radar guidance systems
4. Radio broadcasting system : Design and Application
5. Video Streaming Technology in G Mobile Communication Systems
6. Edubuntu: Linux for Young Human Beings
7. Wireless Video Service in CDMA Systems
8. Challenges to Nextgeneration Internet Internet
9. Network Virus
10. Recent Advances in Speech Recognition and Speaker Verification HDMI and DisplayPort: How it works
11. Flat screen display systems
12. Performance Evaluation Of Hybrid OFDM/CDMA/SFH Approach For Wireless
13. Software based GPS receiver
14. MPEG and H. Scalable Video Coding
15. Security Analysis of Authentication Watermarking System
16. The impact of Cognitive Radio for Exploiting Underused Spectrum
17. Investigation of the types of handovers in wireless communication system
18. Challenges to Next-generation Internet Internet III
19. SpaceTime Coding For FrequencySelective Fading Channels
20. The Winner II Channel Model
21. Radio Frequency Identification: Reader Circuit & Antenna Circuit Design
22. Image Segmentation
23. Biometrics-based pattern recognitions
24. Making D animation movies
25. Analog to Digital Conversion System : Theory and Application
26. WiMax and G LTE : Complement or Competitor
27. ASIC Design Flow
28. Wireless Security Enhancement from the Lowest Layer
29. Performance of Dual Core Processors
30. Advances in Signal Processing and Artificial Intelligence Technologies in the Classification of Power Quality Events
31. The Difference between ANN and HMM
32. Sound separation techniques
33. Face Recognition Technology
34. Deep Space Engineering Application
35. E-commerce Technology Challenges
36. Trans ocean intercontinental optical links
37. WARP : Wireless Open Access Research Platform
38. Common Challenges in Image Processing
39. HCI for Mobile devices
40. Study of Latest Issues Pertaining to Image Transmission in Wireless Network
41. Mobile and Broadcasting Convergence as a Disruptive Force
42. Adaptive modulation Performance of wideband OFDM communications
43. Spectrum Requirement for WINNER Wireless World Innitiatives II
44. Securing Wireless Communications
45. Jamming and AntiJamming Technologies for Law Enforcement
46. Indoor Positioning
47. Securing Wireless Communication
48. The Marriage of Cryptography and Watermarking
49. The study of propagation models in communication system
50. Radio Frequency Identification: Evolution of Reader Circuit Design
51. Telemedicine
52. MIMO in .n: potential and challenges
53. Equalization and interference cancellation for TDMA wireless
54. The future of wireless network infrastructure
55. EMG Signal Analysis: Detection, Processing, Classification and Applications
56. Sensors and Their Application in Robotics
57. WARP: Wireless Open Access Research Platform
58. MAC Layer enhancement in .n standards
59. Visible Light Communications
60. Soliton pulses in long distance communications
61. Biometrics-applications based pattern recognitions
62. Ambient Intelligence: the networking challenges
63. Challenges to Next Generations Internet Internet
64. Future evolution of microprocessor from single core to multi core
65. MPEG and H. : Scalable Video Coding
66. Deep Space Application
67. Introduction to Biomechatronics System
68. Study on the use of D Image Processing in Medical Imaging
69. Space-Time Coding For Frequency-Selective Fading Channels
70. Quality Assessment Technique for Compressed Video
71. Secure Localization Algorithms
72. Enabling Adaptive Transmission Using Fading Prediction
73. Radio Frequency Identification: Evolution of Transponder Circuit Design
74. Recent advances in speech recognition and speaker verification
75. Jamming and Anti-Jamming Technologies for Law Enforcement
76. Analog To Digital Conversion
77. Introduction to Grid Computing
78. Design of cryptographic protocols
79. The impact of Cognitive Radio for Exploiting Under-used Spectrum
80. A Comparison Study between Bees Algorithm and Ant Algorithm
81. Wireless communication : Past, present and future
82. Radar Tracking System : Concept and Application
83. Equalization and interference cancellation for TDMA wireless Communication systems
84. Radar Guidance System
85. Takeover: A New Vertical Handover Concept
86. Security in the digital documents
87. Comparision of Edge Detection Algorithms
88. Biometrics Application Based Pattern Recognitions
89. Environmental Observation and Forecasting Systems using Wireless Sensor Networks.
90. The Winner Wireless World Innitiatives II Air Interface
91. Earthquake Detection Using FM Radio
92. High performance computing using graphic card and multicore processor
93. Security Analysis of Authentication Watermarking Systems
94. Video compression Techniques
95. FoIP vs VoIP : Design and Application
96. Trans ocean inter-continental optical links
97. Image Compression, Past and Present
98. A comparative study of web cost estimation model for hypermedia applications
99. Radio Frequency Identification: Evolution of Antenna Circuit Design
100. Network Virus : Creation and Prevention
101. WiMax and G LTE : complement or competitor?
102. Transocean Inter Continental Optical Links
103. Security Architectures
104. IPTV vs Mobile TV : Design and Application
105. HDMI and Display Port : How It Works
106. Smart Home Technologies
107. Emerging Communications Technologies and their impact on Military Communication Systems
108. Engineering and Quran
109. Security of the digital documents
110. Performance Evaluation Of Hybrid OFDM/CDMA/SFH Approach For Wireless Multimedia
111. Image Compression System for Mobile Communication : Advancement in the Recent Years
112. Streaming technology in G mobile communication systems
113. Comparison between Vertical Handover Decision Algorithms for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
114. Study of Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain vs Frequency Domain
115. Video Image Compression Techniques
116. Security in WiMAX Networks
117. Comparison Study between Bees Algorithm and Ant Algorithm
118. Comparative Analysis of the Physical Layer Technologies in WiMax and LTE
119. Radar Tracking System: Concept and Application
120. E-Commerce Technology Challenges
121. Wi-Max
122. Single Phase Trams Nehal Shahformer Construction & Design
123. Cable Modem
124. Common Channel Signalling System 7
125. I-Mode
126. Gigabit Ethernet
127. Speed Control Of DC Motor Using Fuzzy Logic
128. Multi Detection & Tracking
129. Distributed Control System
130. Hydrogen Fuel Cell
131. LIDAR
132. Continuous Speech Processing (CSP)
133. Complete Weighing Solution Using Momentum PLC
134. Process Control Through GSM Communication
135. Telerobotics Operations Via Internet
136. Development Cycle For Microcontroller Based Systems
137. Access Network Fiber To The Building(AN-FTTB)
138. Future Telephony Networks
139. Speech To Text Conversion
140. Practical Advances In Asynchronous Design
141. Space Vector PWM
142. Wafer Bumping
143. Impedence Glottography
144. Wireless Sensor N/W Tech And Its Applications Using VLSI
145. Application Of CNC(Computer Numeric Control)
146. Dolby Sound Processing
147. Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
148. Choices For CNC
149. DSL Technology
150. Covolutional Encoding & Viterbi Decoding
151. Industrial Automation Using I2C Protocol.
152. Control & Cancellation Of ECHO In Telephony
153. Control & Cancellation Of ECHO In Telephony
154. Evdo (Evolation Data Only)
155. IP Spoofing: A Network Threat
156. In Band On Channel Digital Audio Broadcasting
157. Zigbee
158. Optical DWDM Networks
159. Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
160. Blue Ray DVD
161. Multicasting
162. Automative Electronics
163. Expert Systems
164. Magnetic RAM
165. Speed Control Of 3 Phase Induction Motor Using V/F
166. On Chip Designing Factors & Their Solution
167. Image Transform & Compression Using Wavelet.
168. SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
169. Walking Beam Control Using PLC
170. PID Controller
171. Enhancing Perfprmance Using An ARM Microcontroller With Zero Wait State Flash
172. Peripheral Interface Controller
173. Cordect Tech
174. Convergence & Multimedia Networking
175. CANOPEN
176. FPGA Devlopement And Challenges
177. Effect Of B.W On Speech Intelligibility
178. Huperspectral Inaging
179. Embedded FPGA
180. Harmonic Reduction In AC Drives.
181. Multi Protocol Label Switching In Optical Networks
182. Modbus Protocol
183. Multi Service Network Based On ATM
184. Revolution Of Transistors(Tri Gate Transistors)
185. Biosensors
186. Motes
187. Cybernetic Organism
188. Imax Technology
189. Spam
190. Brain Computer Interfacing
191. Cellular Communication -4G
192. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
193. DEMO
194. CO2 Laser
195. T-Rays
196. Fuel Cell Vehicle
197. Plasma Antenna
198. Wi-Fi
199. Photocopier Technology
200. Seismology and its Instruments
201. Nems-(Nano-electro-Mechanical System)
202. Quantum Cryptography
203. Free Space Optics
204. Data Storage Technologies
205. Grid Computing
206. RTOS(Real time Operating System)
207. Tele Presence Surgery
208. Quantum Comuting , Telepotation & Telemmersion
209. Digital Watermarking
210. Optical Coherence Tomography
211. USB Pen Drive Disk
212. Sensor Network
213. Optical Packet Switching
214. Safe in Flight Mobile Telephony
215. MODBUS
216. Embedded Webserver
217. Hyper-Threading
218. Internet Over Power Line
219. Multiprotocol Label Switching
220. Morphological image processing
221. Embedded Networking
222. Optical Burst Switching
223. Protected Extensible Authentication Protocols
224. Positron emission tomography
225. Face Recogtion
226. Interplanetary Internet
227. Field Emission Display
228. System on Chip
229. Micro Opto Electro Mechanical System
230. Digital finger Printing
231. Virtual Instrumentation
232. Cellular Mobility
233. Image Enhancement
234. MODBUS
235. Ibutton
236. Wireless Instant Messaging (WIM)
237. Metor Burst Communications
238. GaAs Technology and its Applications
239. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
240. Mobile IP
241. Digital Steganography
242. Ultra wideband
243. Aerospace telemetry
244. Color Image Processing
245. Digital enhanced Cordless telecommunications
246. Viruse on Mobile
247. Optical Computing : The wave of Future
248. Colour Doppler
249. Image Compression
250. Seiral ATA
251. Signaling System 7 (SS 7)
252. PHY layer of FBWA
253. VDSL
254. E “ Faxing
255. Steganography
256. GPRS
257. Dual Polarized Antenna
258. High Speed Serial Interface
259. Touch screen Technology
260. Interactive Informative Mobile Service
261. Biometrics
262. Digital Display using DLP
263. CPLD
264. Snake Robot
265. E “ Clothing
266. UWB Technology
267. Optical Time Division Multiplexing and De multiplexing Techniques
268. Adaptive Antenna Technology for Mobile Communication
269. Tele “ Immersion
270. Bone growth using electrical stimulation
271. Intel Itanium Processor
272. DAMA
273. Aircraft Security
274. WPAN
275. Sonar
276. System In Package (SiP)
277. Cryptography
278. Projection TV
279. Digital Photography
280. Image Processing and its application
281. Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB)
282. Ad-Hoc Network
283. D “ Amps
284. Low Voltage Differential Signaling 


Topics in Modern Physics:

1. History of Mordern Physics
2. Newtonion and Eienstiens Physics
3. Universe Thermodynamics
4. Heavy Element Formation
5. String Theory
6. Big Bang
7. Holes in Universe
8. String Theory
9. M-Theory
10. Hamiltonian
11. Anomalies in String Theory
12. Extradimenssions of universe
13. Universal Exapansion
14. The Parellel Universes
15. GUT (Grand Unified Theory)
16. General Relativity
17. Special Theory of Relativity
18. Plank's quantum theory
19. Shrodeingers Equation

Topics of Abstract Eelectronics:

1. History of electronics
2. Seminconductor Physics
3. Elementry Electronics
4. Signals and Control systems
5. Core-Processor Architecture
6. Digital Measurments

I will update soon for more topics.

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Wednesday, January 26, 2011

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Begining C/C++ Graphics........

 
  Usually the C and C++ which is studied at institutes contains thing that is useless for an engineer or belonging to science field student.
  So here is interesting way of learning the C programming with graphics. There are 2 kind of C graphics. Although both are primitive graphics but they must be learned before one can go to more virtual graphic enviornment nsuch as Visual C/C++ or VB.
  I am giving brief idea about programming with C/C++.
  One must know the following things before going to the graphics programming in C/C++.


1. The way to write code into C/C++, compiling and execution of code with C/C++ compilers. Here is brief idea about primitive programs in C/C++. { I am using Turbo C++ 3.0 Compiler. }

// Program to Print Hello and your name on the output screen...

// The Header File Goes here.
#include<stdio.h>
#inlcude<conio.h>

// Main function goes here

void main()
{
   Char a[30]="";    // Make a character string of 30 character to hold your input
   scanf("%s", a);  // Takes input from standard output  and save it to string a
   printf("Hello");    // Print Hello on the standard output device i.e. Monitor   
   printf(" %s",a);    // Put the string entered by you write next to 'Hello'
   getch();               // Wait for single character input from keyboard
                               // Here this function is used to hold the screen until any key is pressed on the
                              // key board
}

2. Function calls and returns. In the above example the void main() is also a function called by compiler at first in execution or run time. A function is basically that code of program which is rapidly reputed in program. There are two method of making function bot do one and same thing with some slightly changs. First one is call/return by value and another is call/return by reference. A function call is code which move the execution of program to the code written inside a function and return is to go back to main function or any function which calls the function. The function call by value is take value of variable for manipulation and return value to the calling function. The value call can't change the value of actual variable, but a reference call can. A reference call will load the address where the main variable is present and change the original value. Example of both type of function call is as follows.

// Function calling

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

int get_by_val(int);
int get_by_ref(int);

void main()
{
    int a,b,c,d;
    a=10;
    b=20;

// Function calls
    c=get_by_val(a);     // a=10, c=30
    d=get_by_ref(b);     // d=40, b=40

    printf("%d\n%d\n%d\n%d\n",a,b,c,d);
    getch();
}

int get_by_val(int a)    //Makes a new integer locally named a, different from a as in main
{
    a+=20;         // Increment in a by 20
    return a;
}

int get_by_ref(int *x)    // x represent same as b any change in x will change the b
{
   x+=20                 // Increment in x or b by 20
   return x;
}

3. Logical operation and looping. The logical statement is "if else" and "switch case". and looping statements are "for", "while ", "do while".
4. Overview of object oriented programming.

  Now that's enough to learn the graphic programming in C/C++. The following program will illustrate to draw a point on the screen, using Borland Graphics.


// Point Drawing

#include<stdio.h>         // Standard input output header file
#include<conio.h>        // Console input output and formatting functions
#include<math.h>         // Mathematical operations definition function
#include<graphics.h>  // Graphics drawing function definition


main()
{


// Detect and select the mode and driver for standard output device
// Driver is a program which tells the computer how the monitor is working
// and mode is resolution of device, in this program both are auto set.
// driver is IBM and mode is of 640x480

 int driver=DETECT,mode;

// Initialization of graphics mode

 initgraph(&driver,&mode,"Pankaj");

// Point drawing Function
// putpixel(<column no>, <row no>, <color>)

 putpixel(100,50,RED);    // Draw a red point at 100th column and 50th row
 putpixel(50,100,BLUE);  // Draw a blue point at 50th column and 100th row

 printf("PUSHPKANT YADAV");
 

 getch();
 closegraph();
 return(0);
}


Graphics drivers, Generally use auto detect mode, if doesn't work one can use the following driver, which is suitable

  DETECT,         /* requests auto detection */
  CGA,

  MCGA,
  EGA,
  EGA64,
  EGAMONO,
  IBM8514,    /* 1 - 6 */
  HERCMONO,

  ATT400,
  VGA,
  PC3270,          /* 7 - 10 */
  CURRENT_DRIVER = -1


There are following graphics mode

    CGAC0      = 0,  /* 320x200 palette 0; 1 page   */
    CGAC1      = 1,  /* 320x200 palette 1; 1 page   */
    CGAC2      = 2,  /* 320x200 palette 2: 1 page   */
    CGAC3      = 3,  /* 320x200 palette 3; 1 page   */
    CGAHI      = 4,  /* 640x200 1 page          */
    MCGAC0     = 0,  /* 320x200 palette 0; 1 page   */
    MCGAC1     = 1,  /* 320x200 palette 1; 1 page   */
    MCGAC2     = 2,  /* 320x200 palette 2; 1 page   */
    MCGAC3     = 3,  /* 320x200 palette 3; 1 page   */
    MCGAMED    = 4,  /* 640x200 1 page          */
    MCGAHI     = 5,  /* 640x480 1 page          */
    EGALO      = 0,  /* 640x200 16 color 4 pages    */
    EGAHI      = 1,  /* 640x350 16 color 2 pages    */
    EGA64LO    = 0,  /* 640x200 16 color 1 page     */
    EGA64HI    = 1,  /* 640x350 4 color  1 page     */
    EGAMONOHI  = 0,  /* 640x350 64K on card, 1 page - 256K on card, 4 pages */
    HERCMONOHI = 0,  /* 720x348 2 pages         */
    ATT400C0   = 0,  /* 320x200 palette 0; 1 page   */
    ATT400C1   = 1,  /* 320x200 palette 1; 1 page   */
    ATT400C2   = 2,  /* 320x200 palette 2; 1 page   */
    ATT400C3   = 3,  /* 320x200 palette 3; 1 page   */
    ATT400MED  = 4,  /* 640x200 1 page          */
    ATT400HI   = 5,  /* 640x400 1 page          */
    VGALO      = 0,  /* 640x200 16 color 4 pages    */
    VGAMED     = 1,  /* 640x350 16 color 2 pages    */
    VGAHI      = 2,  /* 640x480 16 color 1 page     */
    PC3270HI   = 0,  /* 720x350 1 page          */
    IBM8514LO  = 0,  /* 640x480 256 colors      */
    IBM8514HI  = 1   /*1024x768 256 colors      */


Colors are As follows

    BLACK,          /* dark colors */
    BLUE,
    GREEN,
    CYAN,
    RED,
    MAGENTA,
    BROWN,
    LIGHTGRAY,
    DARKGRAY,       /* light colors */
    LIGHTBLUE,
    LIGHTGREEN,
    LIGHTCYAN,
    LIGHTRED,
    LIGHTMAGENTA,
    YELLOW,
    WHITE


                                                                   To be Continued...............

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GATE Solved Papers Link.... ECE and IT

  You Will find solved paper on the following link. Best of luck for the Gate...

ECE:

http://www.clickindia.com/search.php?q=10+years+solved+paper+of+gate+for+ece

http://www.bharatstudent.com/study-india/testpapers/GATE-Electronics%20Communication%20Engineering/GATE-ECE-2004.pdf

http://www.bharatstudent.com/study-india/testpapers/GATE-Electronics%20Communication%20Engineering/GATE-ECE-2005.pdf

http://www.bharatstudent.com/study-india/testpapers/GATE-Electronics%20Communication%20Engineering/GATE-ECE-2006.pdf

http://www.bharatstudent.com/study-india/testpapers/GATE-Electronics%20Communication%20Engineering/GATE-ECE-2007.pdf

http://www.bharatstudent.com/study-india/testpapers/GATE-Electronics%20Communication%20Engineering/GATE-ECE-2008.pdf

http://entrance-exam.net/gate-papers/

http://www.ziddu.com/download/2563797/ECE.rar.html

http://isbigdeal.blogspot.com/2010/11/gate-aptitude-question-paper-with.html

http://isbigdeal.blogspot.com/2010/11/gate-electronics-question-papers-1992.html

http://isbigdeal.blogspot.com/2010/11/gate-electronics-question-papers-1993.html

http://isbigdeal.blogspot.com/2010/11/gate-electronics-question-papers-1994.html

http://isbigdeal.blogspot.com/2010/11/gate-electronics-question-papers-1995.html

http://isbigdeal.blogspot.com/2010/11/gate-electronics-question-papers-1996.html

http://isbigdeal.blogspot.com/2010/11/gate-electronics-question-papers-1997.html

/* change above year from 1997 to 2010 step wise and get question papers"

http://turboshare.com/files/44539/Electronics_Communication_Engineering.zip.html

http://www.ziddu.com/download/2563797/ECE.rar.html



CSE:

http://www.ziddu.com/download/2453211/CSE.rar.html

http://www.jbigdeal.com/2010/02/gate-computer-science-cs-it-previous.html

http://www.ziddu.com/download/2453211/CSE.rar.html

http://www.ziddu.com/download/2453212/IT.rar.html

Abstracting Transformations.........

 
  In the signal processing we have to learn the transformation from time domain to frequency domain. The very popular transformations are Laplace and Fourier transformations. We engineers learn the transform and solve the problems, but there is more than solving question in these transforms. These transform gives very much idea about the systems, which are processing the signals.

  The first thing comes in mind that why we have to convert the signal into frequency domain, can't we manipulate the signal in time domain ? And what are these domains actually are ?

  The time is base of everything, without time nothing can happen. To happen anything there must presence of time, same is true for the signal also, a signal must have time. And the amplitude, phase or/and frequency of signal vary according to time. So for a signal time domain is value of amplitude and phase at every instance of time, and frequency domain is amplitude and phase present in the signal at every fraction of frequency.

  For a periodic signal it is easy to see how signal is behaving, because it repeats itself after some time and we totally analyze the signal, but when the repetition period of signal is too high or it is non periodic signal then it is impossible to analyse signal fully. So we need a power tool to analyse such signals. Another limitation of time domain is most of systems are band limited i.e. they don't allow signal exceeding the frequency limitation, so when we deal with time domain the actual frequency can't be seen.

 Hence we have to convert the signal in frequency domain, it doesn't mean that the actual signal is converting into frequency domain. A frequency domain is just a representation of actual signal for manipulations.

  A Kernel is required for inter-conversion between time and frequency domain. These Kernel are Laplace and Fourier.

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Easy your life with me: How To Make Bootable Pen Drive........: "If you are planning to use bootable USB to install Windows 7 or Vista please refer our guides: Install Windows 7/Vista using bootable USB g..."

Monday, January 24, 2011

Easy your life with me: shortcut to every setting .........

Easy your life with me: shortcut to every setting .........: "Simply create a new folder, rename it Computer.{ED7BA470-8E54-465E-825C-99712043E01C} and you will have a shortcut to every setting on your ..."

Sand Is Liquid..

 



  From the child-hood teachers and peoples say that sand is solid. They also say that a liquid is that state of matter which has fixed volume but variable shape.


  This is very confusing facts for me, that how can anything which has fixed volume and varying shape can be solid. Not only for sand they also tells the same for salt, sugar and all other these kind of material.


  I am still searching for a standard ans for this question. But for a logical thought one can easy prove that sand is more like liquid than solids. The properties of liquid are as follows:


1. Liquids have definite volume.
2. Liquids don't have definite shape, they acquire shape of vessel.
3. Liquids flow from higher potential to lower potential.
4. Liquids are incompressible.
5. Liquids have buoyancy.
6. Liquids have viscosity.
7. Liquids have surface tension.
8. Liquids have boiling point.
9. Liquids don't have a lattice of atoms.
10. Their bonding energy is less than solids but higher than gas.


Now fit these things to sand:
1. sand have definite volume, one can't change volume of sand at a constant temp. without adding or removing sand from the sample.
2. sand acquire shape of vessel in which it is placed, and it have spherical shape in free space like all liquids.
3. sand flows from higher potential level to lower.
4. sand is incompressible at normal temp.
5. sand have buoyancy, any thing will dip into sand if it has enough density to do this, sand have very high buoyancy.
6. sand have viscosity it will tear apart when it intended to flow due to low particle bonding, low viscosity and low elasticity.
7. Due to lower bonding energy of gravity sand have very thin outer surface, one can see the outer film over a sand if it is in very huge amount.
8. sand have boiling point at bout 3,675°C. {People say it sublime at that temp}.
9. sand don't have a perfect arrangement of particles which make sand as sand, but a single pebble may have such arrangements.
10. When it comes to sand the bonding energy is of gravitation energy and it's value is always less than solids and greater than gasses.


All the fact are in favour that sand is liquid.


When I represent sand as liquid to the peoples they say "Okay that's all right but we can see particles of sand, but not of water, and although there is not present a lattice between particles of sands but each pebble have a definite lattice ?"


But they forgot both thing before saying that visibility is not a criteria of stats of matter. Just because we can see the particles of sand it is solid and of water not it is liquid, this is just not fare.


And what about lattice ? Lattice is basically an arrangement of atoms or molecules, in the case of sand pebbles have lattice so it is solid, now what about the Benzene ? The benzene also have lattice structure between the particles.


Another thing come into mind that all particle of sand are not in similar size and shape but they vary in different manner. If that is a reason behind sand is solid then what about petroleum and petroleum products, all the petroleum product have variety of molecule arrangement, size and shape.


The above discussion is true not only for sand alone but for all the material like sand for example : Salt and sugar.


Now it is clear that sand is liquid.......

Wednesday, January 19, 2011

Are We Living in An Event Horizon......

 
  The biggest mystery in modern science today is we want to know about the big bang. We want to know what the bang is ? What creates the bang ? And what there is before the bang ?

  The Bang is theoretically that moment which creates all the thing in the universe and the universe itself. When we rewind the cosmic film rewind to about 13.7 Billion years ago, there is nothing. But we can't go beyond this because before that point there doesn't exist any measurement because the space-time is not exist before it. The space-time is created by the Big bang itself.

  Today we feel that there are a lot of matter around us, we can distinguish between them that this is Water and that is the oil. But the basic things is they all are just different way to looking at same thing. Just like when we look into a broken mirror we are alone but the mirror will image a lot of images of us. This gigantic theory is called he GUT i.e. Grand Unified Theory. According to this all the matter and the fundamental forces are one and the same thing but they are at different energy levels, Just as a betting ball in the casino. So when we rewind the cosmic film backward then it seem that the electromagnetic and weak force merge together and form an Electroweak force, if we further rewind then the Electro-weak force and the nuclear force will merge and form a super force the Electro-Nuclear force, more rewinding the film gravity also merge with it and then we came to the moment of creation. Same thing is done with the matter also the matter will become a sea of subatomic particle just before the moment of creation and the moment it convert into energy.

  Just same thing is happen in supernova explodes and form a black hole. A black hole is a region of space from where nothing can escape even light can't. In the physics there is no existence of time without light so the event horizon of a black hole is the limit till where we can measure any thing. Inside an event horizon there is nothing. This condition is known as Singularity. Singularity is a condition of space time where the space-time itself doesn't exists.

  The equations and conditions of Big Bang and the Black hole are the same but reverse in time. So it is clear theoretically that a big bang is just a reverse process of supernova.

  This will lead to an elegant idea that we are living in an event horizon. The whole space time which seems to be infinite to us is just inside an event horizon of a black hole. So it is clear that every time a super-nova explodes there is big-bang and a new universe is mad up inside it. They are known as Parallel universes.

  Now one can easily conclude that there are billions of black hole in our universe, and each one has it's universe inside it, and our universe is also inside an event horizon so it an endless process of creation. So there are infinite no. of universe. And each universe has it's own physical law. So the meaning of Universe is now doesn't have any sense because it means the unique. But we are living in a multiverse system of universes.

  A black hole is just a hole in air filled balloon which is sending air out from the balloon and big bang is the mouth of balloon which fills the air into the balloon.

  Theoretically We Are Living in an Black Hole.......

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The Swapping of Integers without using a Third One........

  The Swapping of Integers is very complicated task to mess with. There are several way of doing this, the most popular way of doing this is as

  temp=a;
  a=b;
  b=a;

but this whole task can be done in one single line. That is

  a = b - a + ( a = b );

This is very simple one line code.....

The Gravity......



  The first thing that comes into existence in our Universe is the Gravity. The Gravity is fundamental property of matter. The Big Bang has been started an endless expanding existence of time, space and matter. But before matter is come into the existence the Gravity was there. In a few Plank time. The Big Bang produced just a write amount of Gravity to shape the universe that it is now.
  The force of gravity is so weak that we fall. Only few grams of magnets magnetic field can overcome the gravitation of all the mass of earth. But at moment of formation it is the necessary amount of gravitation. If the gravity is just little more than it now have then all the newly born matter will attracted by force and collapse into a black hole. And if it is a little less then all the matter will run away from the bounds and then there won't be any single atom for formation of any element. In the both cases there is no existence of any Super Cluster, Cluster, Galaxy, Stars, Planets, Moons, Asteroids or any thing which we know today.

  Thanks that gravity is so weak........ 

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