In college It's is very big headache that we have to prepare documents in Latex Only. Here are some documents which are useful for Latex Document Writing
.
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Getting Started with Latex
Beginning the LateX
Latex Commands
Latex Commands Summary
LATEX Command Summary
\ | ordinary space after period.
\! | negative thin space = −1
6
quad;
xx\!x yields xxx (math mode).
\" makes an umlaut, as ¨o.
\# prints a pound sign: #.
\$ prints a dollar sign: $.
\% prints a percent sign: %.
\& prints an ampersand: &.
\' in tabbing environment moves current column
to the right of the previous column. Elsewhere,
acute accent, as o.
\( | start math mode. Same as \begin{math}
or $.
\) | end math mode. Same as \end{math} or $.
\* is a discretionary multiplication sign, at which
a line break is allowed.
\+ moves left margin to the right by one tab stop.
Begin tabbed line.
\, | thin space =
1
6
quad; xx\,x yields xx x. It
is not restricted to math mode.
\- in tabbing environment, moves left margin to
the left by one tab stop. Elsewhere, optional
hyphenation.
\. puts a dot accent over a letter, as _o.
\/ inserts italics adjustment space.
\: | medium space =
2
9
quad; xx\:x yields xx x
(math mode).
\; | thick space =
5
18
quad; xx\;x yields xx x
(math mode).
\< in tabbing environment, puts text to left of
local left margin.
\= in tabbing environment, sets a tab stop.
Elsewhere, makes a macron accent, as o.
\> in tabbing environment is a forward tab.
Otherwise, medium space =
2
9
quad (math
mode).
\@ declares the period that follows is to be a
sentence-ending period.
\[ | same as \begin{displaymath} or $$.
\\ terminates a line.
\\* terminates a line, but disallows a pagebreak.
\] | same as \end{displaymath} or $$.
\^ makes a circumflex, as ^o.
\_ is an underscore, as in hours worked.
\` in tabbing environment moves all text which
follows (up to \\) to the right margin.
Elsewhere, grave accent , as o.
\{ prints a curly left brace: f.
\| is k (math mode).
\} prints a curly right brace: g.
\~ makes a tilde, as ~n.
\a' makes an acute accent in tabbing
environment, as o.
\a` makes a grave accent in tabbing
environment, as o.
\a= makes a macron accent in tabbing
environment, as o.
\aa is a. \AA is A.
\acute makes an acute accent: a (math mode).
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{name} adds
the command \contentsline{section}{name}
to the .toc le.
\address{text} declares the return address in
the letter document style.
\addtocontents{toc}{text} writes text to the
.toc le.
\addtocounter{name}{amount} adds amount to
counter name.
\addtolength{\nl}{length} adds length to
length command \nl. See also \setlength,
\newlength, \settowidth.
\ae is . \AE is .
\aleph is @ (math mode).
\alph{counter} prints counter as lower-case
letters. \Alph{counter} prints upper-case
letters.
\alpha is (math mode).
\amalg is q (math mode).
\and separates multiple authors for the
\maketitle command.
\angle is 6 (math mode).
\appendix starts appendices.
\approx is (math mode).
\arabic{counter} prints counter as arabic
numerals 1, 2, etc.
\arccos is arccos (math mode).
\arcsin is arcsin (math mode).
\arctan is arctan (math mode).
\arg is arg (math mode).
\arraycolsep | width of the space between
columns in an array environment.
\arrayrulewidth | width of the rule created in
tabular or array environment by |, \hline,
or \vline.
\arraystretch | scale factor for interrow
spacing in array and tabular environments.
\ast is (math mode).
\asymp is (math mode).
\author{names} declares author(s) for the
\maketitle command.
\b is a \bar-under" accent, as o
.
\backslash is n (math mode).
\bar puts a macron over a letter: a (math mode).
\baselineskip | distance from bottom of one
line of a paragraph to bottom of the next line.
\baselinestretch | factor by which
\baselineskip is multiplied each time a type
size changing command is executed.
\begin{environment} | always paired with
\end{environment}. Following are the assorted
environments.
\begin{abstract} starts an environment for
producing an abstract.
\begin{array}{lrc} starts array environment
with 3 columns, left-justi ed, right-justi ed,
and centered. Separate columns with &, and
end lines with \\. @{text} between l, r or c
arguments puts text between columns.
\begin{center} starts an environment in which
every line is centered. End lines with \\.
\begin{description} starts a labeled list. Items
are indicated by \item[label].
\begin{displaymath} sets mathematics on lines
of its own. Same as \[ or $$.
\begin{document} starts the actual text of a
document. Required.
\begin{enumerate} starts a numbered list.
\begin{eqnarray} starts a displaymath
environment in which more than one equation
can be accommodated. Separate equations with
\\ or \\*; use \nonumber to suppress
numbering a particular equation.
\begin{eqnarray*} begins an environment like
the eqnarray environment except that the
equations aren't numbered.
\begin{equation} starts a displaymath
environment and adds an equation number.
\begin{figure}[pos] begins a floating
environment, which may be optionally placed
at pos (see positions on page 8). Document
styles report and article use the default tbp.
\begin{figure*}[pos] begins a
two-column-wide gure. See \begin{figure}.
\begin{flushleft} starts environment with
ragged right-hand margin. Separate lines with
\\. See \raggedright.
\begin{flushright} starts environment with
ragged left-hand margin. Separate lines with
\\. See \raggedleft.
\begin{itemize} starts a \bulleted" ( ) list.
Start each item with \item.
\begin{list}{labeling}{spacing} starts a
general list environment. labeling speci es
how items are labeled when \item has no
argument. spacing is an optional list of
spacing parameters.
\begin{math} starts a math display like this:
x
2
+ y
2
, within text. Same as $ or \(.
\begin{minipage}[pos]{vsize} starts a box of
height vsize. Text will be positioned according
to pos (see positions on page 8).
\begin{picture}(x; y)(xl
; yl
) starts a picture
environment whose width is x units, height is y
units, and lower-left corner is the point (xl
; yl
.(
Set units with \unitlength.
\begin{quotation} starts an environment with
wider margins, normal paragraph indenting,
and o set from the text at top and bottom.
\begin{quote} starts an environment with wider
margins, no paragraph indenting, and o set
from the text at top and bottom.
\begin{tabbing} starts a columnar environment.
Use commands \= (set tab), \> (tab), \<
(backtab), \+ (indent one tab stop), \-
(outdent one tab stop), \` (flush right), \'
(flush left), \pushtabs, \poptabs, \kill, \\.
\begin{table}[pos] begins a floating
environment, which may be optionally placed
at pos (see positions on page 8). Document
styles report and article use the default tbp.
\begin{table*}[pos] begins a two-column-wide
table. See \begin{table}.
\begin{tabular}{arg} starts an array
environment which can be used in or out of
math mode. arg contains column text
positioning commands r, l, c, @{...},
p{length} (see positions on page 8).
| produces vertical line between columns.
*{7}{r|l|} repeats that entry 7 times.
\begin{theorem} | see \newtheorem.
\begin{titlepage} is an environment with no
page number, and causes following page to be
numbered \1".
\begin{verbatim} starts an environment which
will be typeset exactly as you type it, carriage
returns and all, usually in typewriter font.
\begin{verse} starts an environment for poetry
with wider margins, no paragraph indenting,
and ragged right margin.
\beta is (math mode).
\bf switches to bold face type.
\bibitem{ref} text creates a bibliography entry
text, numbers it, and labels it with reference
label ref.
\bibliography{file} | insert bibliography
from le name.bib at this point in text.
\bibliographystyle{style} | a format
speci er, like \documentstyle.
\bigcap is
T
(math mode).
\bigcirc is
(math mode).
\bigcup is
S
(math mode).
\bigodot is
J
(math mode).
\bigoplus is
L
(math mode).
\bigotimes is
N
(math mode).
\bigtriangledown is 5 (math mode).
\bigtriangleup is 4 (math mode).
\bigskip | standard \big" vertical skip.
\bigskipamount | default length for \bigskip.
\bigsqcup is
F
(math mode).
\biguplus is
U
(math mode).
\bigvee is
W
(math mode).
\bigwedge is
V
(math mode).
\bmod is binary modulo expression u mod m
(math mode).
\boldmath changes math italics and math
symbols to boldface. Should be used outside of
math mode.
\bot is ? (math mode).
\bottomfraction | maximum fraction of page
occupied by floats at the bottom.
\bowtie is ./ (math mode).
\Box is 2 (math mode).
\breve makes a breve accent: a (math mode).
\bullet is (math mode).
\c is a cedilla, as c.
\cal produces calligraphic letters, as B (math
mode).
\cap is \ (math mode).
\caption[loftitle]{text} creates a numbered
caption in a figure or table environment.
Optional loftitle contains entry for the list of
gures if di erent from text.
\cc{text} declares list of copy recipients for
letter document style.
\cdot is (math mode).
\cdots makes three dots centered on the line:
(cf. \ldots) (math mode).
\centering declares that all text following is to
be centered (cf. \begin{center}).
\chapter[toctitle]{text} begins a new
section, automatically headed and numbered.
Optional toctitle contains entry for the table
of contents if di erent from text.
\chapter*{title} is like \chapter{title}, but
adds no chapter number or table of contents
entry.
\check makes a h a cek, as a (math mode).
\chi is (math mode).
\circ is (math mode).
\circle{diameter} as a valid argument for \put
in a picture environment, draws a circle.
\circle*{diameter} is like \circle, but draws
a solid circle.
\cite[subcit]{ref} produces a reference, in
square brackets, to a bibliographic item created
with \bibitem{ref}. Optional sub-citation
subcit can be inserted in the entry.
\cleardoublepage forces next page to be a
right-hand, odd-numbered page.
\clearpage ends a page where it is, and puts
pending gures or tables on separate float
pages with no text.
\cline{i-j} draws a horizontal line across
columns i through j inclusive in array or
tabular environments.
\closing{text} declares the closing in letter
document style.
\clubsuit is | (math mode).
\columnsep | distance between columns in
two-column text.
\columnseprule | width of the rule between
columns on two-column pages.
\columnwidth | width of the current column.
Equals \textwidth in single-column text.
\cong is = (math mode).
\coprod is
`
(math mode).
\copyright is c
.
\cos is cos (math mode).
\cosh is cosh (math mode).
\cot is cot (math mode).
\coth is coth (math mode).
\csc is csc (math mode).
\cup is [ (math mode).
\d is a \dot under" accent, as o.
.
\dag is y.
\dagger is y (math mode).
\dashbox{dwid}(width,height)[pos]{text}
creates a dashed rectangle around text in a
picture environment. Dashes are dwid units
wide; dimensions of rectangle are width and
height; text is positioned at optional pos (see
positions on page 8).
\dashv is a (math mode).
\date{adate} declares the date for the
\maketitle command. The default is \today.
\day | current day of the month.
\dblfloatpagefraction | minimum fraction of
a float page that must be occupied by floats, for
two-column float pages.
\dblfloatsep | distance between floats at the
top or bottom of a two-column float page.
\dbltextfloatsep | distance between
double-width floats at the top or bottom of a
two-column page and the text on that page.
\dbltopfraction | maximum fraction at the
top of a two-column page that may be occupied
by floats.
\ddag is z.
\ddagger is z (math mode).
\ddot makes a dieresis over a letter: ¨a (math
mode).
\ddots produces a diagonal ellipsis
.
.
math) .
mode).
\deg is deg (math mode).
\delta is . \Delta is (math mode).
\det is det (math mode).
\diamond is . \Diamond is 3 (both math mode).
\diamondsuit is } (math mode).
\dim is dim (math mode).
\displaystyle switches to displaymath or
equation environment typesetting (math
mode).
\div is (math mode).
\documentstyle[substy]{sty} determines
default font, headings, etc., for document of
style sty (and optional substyle substy).
Styles: article, book, letter, report,
slides. Substyles: 11pt, 12pt, acm, draft,
fleqn, leqno, twocolumn, twoside.
\dot makes a dot over a letter: _a (math mode).
\doteq is
:
= (math mode).
\dotfill expands to ll horizontal space with
row of dots.
\doublerulesep | horizontal distance between
vertical rules created by || in tabular or
array environment.
\downarrow is #. \Downarrow is + (math mode).
\ell is ` (math mode).
\em toggles between roman and italic fonts for
emphasis.
\emptyset is ; (math mode).
\encl{text} declares a list of enclosures for
letter document style.
\end{environment} ends an environment begun
by \begin{environment} (q.v.).
\epsilon is (math mode).
\equiv is (math mode).
\eta is (math mode).
\evensidemargin | distance between left side of
page and text's normal left margin, for
even-numbered pages in two-sided printing.
\exists is 9 (math mode).
\exp is exp (math mode).
\fbox{text} makes a framed box around text.
\fboxrule | thickness of ruled frame for \fbox
and \framebox.
\fboxsep | space between frame and text for
\fbox and \framebox.
\fill | rubber length (glue) that can stretch to
arbitrary length. Usually used to justify text a
particular way.
\flat is [ (math mode).
\floatpagefraction | minimum fraction of a
float page occupied by floats.
\floatsep | distance between floats that appear
at the top or bottom of a text page.
\flushbottom causes pages to be stretched to
\textheight.
\fnsymbol{counter} prints counter as one of
the set of \footnote symbols". counter must
be less than 10.
\footheight | height of box at bottom of page
that holds page number.
\footnote{text} creates a footnote of text.
\footnotemark puts a footnote number into the
text.
\footnotesep | height of strut placed at
beginning of footnote.
\footnotesize switches to footnote-sized type.
\footskip | vertical distance between bottom of
last line of text and bottom of page footing.
\footnotetext{text} speci es the text for a
footnote which was indicated by a
\footnotemark.
\forall is 8 (math mode).
\frac{numerator}{denominator} produces a
fraction in math environments.
\frame{text} makes a framed (outlined) box
around text, with no margin between the text
and the frame.
\framebox[size][pos]{text} produces a
framed box of dimension size containing
text, optionally positioned l or r.
In picture environment,
\framebox(width,height)[pos]{text}
creates a rectangle around text; dimensions of
rectangle are width and height; text is
positioned at optional pos (see positions on
page 8).
\frown is _ (math mode).
\fussy is the default declaration for the
line-breaking algorithm (cf. \sloppy).
\gamma is γ. \Gamma is Γ (math mode).
\gcd is gcd (math mode).
\ge is (math mode).
\geq is (math mode).
\gets is (math mode).
\gg is (math mode).
\glossary{text} appends text to the .glo le
by writing a \glossaryentry command.
\glossaryentry{text}{ref} is written to the
glo le for \glossary{text} occurring at.
reference ref.
\grave makes a grave accent: a (math mode).
\H prints a long Hungarian umlaut, as }o.
\hat makes a circumflex: ^a (math mode).
\hbar is h (math mode).
\headheight | height of box at top of page that
holds running head.
\headsep | vertical distance between bottom of
head and top of text.
\heartsuit is ~ (math mode).
\hfill is \hspace{\fill} (cf. \fill).
\hline draws a horizontal line across all columns
of a tabular or array environment.
\hom is hom (math mode).
\hookleftarrow is - (math mode).
\hookrightarrow is ,! (math mode).
\hrulefill expands to ll horizontal space with
horizontal rule.
\hspace{len} leaves a horizontal space of
dimension len.
\hspace*{len} is like \hspace{len} but space is
not removed at the beginning or end of a line.
\huge switches to a very large typeface. \Huge is
even bigger.
\hyphenation{wordlist} declares hyphenation
as indicated; wordlist contains words
separated by spaces, with hyphens indicated
(e.g. \aard-vark cal-i-bra-tion").
\i is .
\iff is () (math mode).
\Im is = (math mode).
\imath is { (math mode).
\in is 2 (math mode).
\include{filename} brings in filename text at
that point.
\includeonly{file1,file2,...} limits
recognition of \include les.
\index{text} appends text to the .idx le by
writing an \indexentry command.
\indexentry{text}{ref} is written to the .idx
le for \index{text} occurring at reference
ref.
\indexspace puts blank space before rst index
entry starting with a new letter.
\inf is inf (math mode).
\infty is 1 (math mode).
\input{file} brings in text from file.tex at
that point.
\int is
R
(math mode).
\intextsep | vertical space placed above and
below float in middle of text.
\iota is (math mode).
\it switches to Italic type.
\item[text] indicates a list entry. text is
optional, used in description environment.
\itemindent | extra indentation before label in
list item. Default is 0mm.
\itemsep | vertical space between successive list
items.
\j is .
\jmath is | (math mode).
\Join is 1 (math mode).
\kappa is (math mode).
\ker is ker (math mode).
\kill | in a \tabbing environment, deletes
previous line so tabs can be set without
outputting text.
\l is l. \L is L.
\label{text} provides a reference point that is
accessed with \ref{text} or \pageref{text}.
\labelwidth | width of box containing list item
label.
\labelsep | space between box containing list
item label and text of the item.
\lambda is . \Lambda is (math mode).
\land is ^ (math mode).
\langle is h (math mode).
\large, \Large, and \LARGE switch to
successively larger than \normalsize type
sizes.
\LaTeX produces the LATEX logo.
\lbrace is f (math mode).
\lbrack is [ (math mode).
\lceil is d (math mode).
\ldots makes three dots at the base of the line:
: : : (cf. \cdots).
\le is (math mode).
\leadsto is ; (math mode).
\left* (where * is a delimiter) must be paired
with \right* (not necessarily using the same
delimiter). `.' acts as a null delimiter (math
mode).
\leftarrow is . \Leftarrow is ( (math
mode).
\lefteqn{formula} is used in the eqnarray
environment to break a long formula across
lines.
\leftharpoondown is ) (math mode).
\leftharpoonup is ( (math mode).
\leftmargin, in list environment, horizontal
distance between left margin of enclosing
environment and left margin of list. Settable
for nesting levels 1 through 6, as \leftmargini
through \leftmarginvi
\leftrightarrow is $. \Leftrightarrow is ,
(math mode).
\leq is (math mode).
\lfloor is b (math mode).
\lg is lg (math mode).
\lhd is < (math mode).
\lim is lim (math mode).
\liminf is lim inf (math mode).
\limsup is lim sup (math mode).
\line(x,y){len} in picture environment, in
\put command, draws line from \put argument
with length len and slope (x,y).
\linebreak[n] forces a line to break exactly at
this point, and adjusts line just terminated (cf.
newline). n is optional: 0 is an optional break,
4 is a mandatory break, 1, 2 and 3 are
intermediate levels of insistence.
\linethickness{dimen} sets the thickness for all
lines in a picture.
\linewidth is the width of the current line in a
paragraph.
\listoffigures begins a list of gures with
heading.
\listoftables begins a list of tables with
heading.
\listparindent | extra indentation added to
rst line of every paragraph of an item after the
rst, in list environment.
\ll is (math mode).
\ln is ln (math mode).
\lnot is : (math mode).
\log is log (math mode).
\longleftarrow is −. \Longleftarrow is (=
(math mode).
\longleftrightarrow is !.
\Longleftrightarrow is () (math mode).
\longmapsto is 7−! (math mode).
\longrightarrow is −!. \Longrightarrow is
=) (math mode).
\lor is _ (math mode).
\lq is a left-quote: `.
\makebox[size][pos]{text} creates a box of
dimension size containing text at optional
pos. \makebox(width,height)[pos]{text}
puts text in a box; dimensions of box are
width and height; text is positioned at
optional pos (see positions on page 8).
\makeglossary enables writing of
\glossaryentry commands to a .glo le.
LATEX typefaces
\rm Roman
\it Italic
\bf Boldface
\sl Slanted
\sf Sans serif
\sc Small Caps
\tt Typewriter
Dimensions or lengths
pt point (72.27 pt/in)
pc pica (12 pt/pc)
in inch
bp big point (72 bp/in)
cm centimeter (2.54 cm/in)
mm millimeter (10 mm/cm)
dd did^ot point (1157 dd = 1238 pt)
cc cicero (12 dd/cc)
sp scaled point (65536 sp/pt)
em font-dependent; \quad" width
ex font-dependent; \x"-height
LATEX environments
abstract gure quote
array flushleft tabbing
center flushright table
description itemize tabular
displaymath list theorem
enumerate math titlepage
eqnarray minipage verbatim
equation picture verse
quotation
Text-mode accents
o \`{o} o \={o} oo \t{oo}
o \'{o} _o \.{o} o \c{o}
o^ \^{o} o \u{o} o. \d{o}
o¨ \"{o} o \v{o} o
\b{o}
o~ \~{o} o} \H{o}
National symbols
\oe a \aa l \l
\OE A \AA L \L
\ae \o \ss
\AE \O
Miscellaneous symbols
y \dag x \S c
\copyright
z \ddag { \P $ \pounds
Math-mode accents
^a \hat{a} _a \dot{a}
a \check{a} ¨a \ddot{a}
~a \tilde{a} a \breve{a}
a \acute{a} a \bar{a}
a \grave{a} a~ \vec{a}
Greek letters (math mode)
\alpha \nu
\beta \xi
γ \gamma o o
\delta \pi
\epsilon \rho
\zeta \sigma
\eta \tau
\theta \upsilon
\iota \phi
\kappa \chi
\lambda \psi
\mu ! \omega
" \varepsilon & \varsigma
# \vartheta ' \varphi
% \varrho
Γ \Gamma \Sigma
\Delta \Upsilon
\Theta \Phi
\Lambda Ψ \Psi
\Xi Ω \Omega
\Pi
Binary operations (math mode)
\pm \ \cap
\mp [ \cup
n \setminus ] \uplus
\cdot u \sqcap
\times t \sqcup
\ast / \triangleleft
? \star . \triangleright
\diamond o \wr
\circ
\bigcirc
\bullet 4 \bigtriangleup
\div 5 \bigtriangledown
< \lhd > \rhd
_ \vee \odot
^ \wedge y \dagger
\oplus z \ddagger
\ominus q \amalg
⊗ \otimes \unlhd
\oslash \unrhd
Relations (math mode)
\leq \geq
\prec \succ
\preceq \succeq
\ll \gg
\subset \supset
\subseteq \supseteq
< \sqsubset = \sqsupset
v \sqsubseteq w \sqsupseteq
2 \in 3 \ni
` \vdash a \dashv
^ \smile j \mid
_ \frown k \parallel
=6 \neq ? \perp
\equiv = \cong
\sim ./ \bowtie
' \simeq / \propto
\asymp j= \models
\approx
:
= \doteq
1 \Join
Variable-sized symbols (math mode)
P X
\sum
T \
\bigcap
Q Y
\prod
S [
\bigcup
` a
\coprod
F G
\bigsqcup
R
Z
\int
W _
\bigvee
H
I
\oint
V ^
\bigwedge
J K
\bigodot
N O
\bigotimes
L M
\bigoplus
U ]
\biguplus
Delimiters (math mode)
( ( ) )
[ [ ] ]
f \{ g \}
b \lfloor c \rfloor
d \lceil e \rceil
h \langle i \rangle
= / n \backslash
j \vert k \Vert
" \uparrow * \Uparrow
# \downarrow + \Downarrow
l \updownarrow m \Updownarrow
\Log-like" functions (math mode)
\arccos \csc \ker \min
\arcsin \deg \lg \Pr
\arctan \det \lim \sec
\arg \dim \liminf \sin
\cos \exp \limsup \sinh
\cosh \gcd \ln \sup
\cot \hom \log \tan
\coth \inf \max \tanh
Arrows (math mode)
\leftarrow − \longleftarrow
( \Leftarrow (= \Longleftarrow
! \rightarrow −! \longrightarrow
) \Rightarrow =) \Longrightarrow
$ \leftrightarrow ! \longleftrightarrow
, \Leftrightarrow () \Longleftrightarrow
7! \mapsto 7−! \longmapsto
- \hookleftarrow ,! \hookrightarrow
( \leftharpoonup * \rightharpoonup
) \leftharpoondown + \rightharpoondown
*) \rightleftharpoons ; \leadsto
" \uparrow m \Updownarrow
* \Uparrow % \nearrow
# \downarrow & \searrow
+ \Downarrow . \swarrow
l \updownarrow - \nwarrow
Miscellaneous symbols (math mode)
@ \aleph 0 \prime
h \hbar ; \emptyset
{ \imath r \nabla
| \jmath
p
\surd
` \ell > \top
} \wp ? \bot
< \Re k \|
= \Im 6 \angle
@ \partial 4 \triangle
1 \infty n \backslash
2 \Box 3 \Diamond
8 \forall ] \sharp
9 \exists | \clubsuit
: \neg } \diamondsuit
[ \flat ~ \heartsuit
\ \natural ♠ \spadesuit
0 \mho
.
Click here for pdf on Latex Tutorial..
Getting Started with Latex
Beginning the LateX
Latex Commands
Latex Commands Summary
LATEX Command Summary
This listing contains short descriptions of the control sequences that are likely to be handy for users of LATEX v2.09 layered on TEX v2.0. Some of these commands are LATEX macros, while others belong to plain TEX; no attempt to differentiate them is made.
\! | negative thin space = −1
6
quad;
xx\!x yields xxx (math mode).
\" makes an umlaut, as ¨o.
\# prints a pound sign: #.
\$ prints a dollar sign: $.
\% prints a percent sign: %.
\& prints an ampersand: &.
\' in tabbing environment moves current column
to the right of the previous column. Elsewhere,
acute accent, as o.
\( | start math mode. Same as \begin{math}
or $.
\) | end math mode. Same as \end{math} or $.
\* is a discretionary multiplication sign, at which
a line break is allowed.
\+ moves left margin to the right by one tab stop.
Begin tabbed line.
\, | thin space =
1
6
quad; xx\,x yields xx x. It
is not restricted to math mode.
\- in tabbing environment, moves left margin to
the left by one tab stop. Elsewhere, optional
hyphenation.
\. puts a dot accent over a letter, as _o.
\/ inserts italics adjustment space.
\: | medium space =
2
9
quad; xx\:x yields xx x
(math mode).
\; | thick space =
5
18
quad; xx\;x yields xx x
(math mode).
\< in tabbing environment, puts text to left of
local left margin.
\= in tabbing environment, sets a tab stop.
Elsewhere, makes a macron accent, as o.
\> in tabbing environment is a forward tab.
Otherwise, medium space =
2
9
quad (math
mode).
\@ declares the period that follows is to be a
sentence-ending period.
\[ | same as \begin{displaymath} or $$.
\\ terminates a line.
\\* terminates a line, but disallows a pagebreak.
\] | same as \end{displaymath} or $$.
\^ makes a circumflex, as ^o.
\_ is an underscore, as in hours worked.
\` in tabbing environment moves all text which
follows (up to \\) to the right margin.
Elsewhere, grave accent , as o.
\{ prints a curly left brace: f.
\| is k (math mode).
\} prints a curly right brace: g.
\~ makes a tilde, as ~n.
\a' makes an acute accent in tabbing
environment, as o.
\a` makes a grave accent in tabbing
environment, as o.
\a= makes a macron accent in tabbing
environment, as o.
\aa is a. \AA is A.
\acute makes an acute accent: a (math mode).
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{name} adds
the command \contentsline{section}{name}
to the .toc le.
\address{text} declares the return address in
the letter document style.
\addtocontents{toc}{text} writes text to the
.toc le.
\addtocounter{name}{amount} adds amount to
counter name.
\addtolength{\nl}{length} adds length to
length command \nl. See also \setlength,
\newlength, \settowidth.
\ae is . \AE is .
\aleph is @ (math mode).
\alph{counter} prints counter as lower-case
letters. \Alph{counter} prints upper-case
letters.
\alpha is (math mode).
\amalg is q (math mode).
\and separates multiple authors for the
\maketitle command.
\angle is 6 (math mode).
\appendix starts appendices.
\approx is (math mode).
\arabic{counter} prints counter as arabic
numerals 1, 2, etc.
\arccos is arccos (math mode).
\arcsin is arcsin (math mode).
\arctan is arctan (math mode).
\arg is arg (math mode).
\arraycolsep | width of the space between
columns in an array environment.
\arrayrulewidth | width of the rule created in
tabular or array environment by |, \hline,
or \vline.
\arraystretch | scale factor for interrow
spacing in array and tabular environments.
\ast is (math mode).
\asymp is (math mode).
\author{names} declares author(s) for the
\maketitle command.
\b is a \bar-under" accent, as o
.
\backslash is n (math mode).
\bar puts a macron over a letter: a (math mode).
\baselineskip | distance from bottom of one
line of a paragraph to bottom of the next line.
\baselinestretch | factor by which
\baselineskip is multiplied each time a type
size changing command is executed.
\begin{environment} | always paired with
\end{environment}. Following are the assorted
environments.
\begin{abstract} starts an environment for
producing an abstract.
\begin{array}{lrc} starts array environment
with 3 columns, left-justi ed, right-justi ed,
and centered. Separate columns with &, and
end lines with \\. @{text} between l, r or c
arguments puts text between columns.
\begin{center} starts an environment in which
every line is centered. End lines with \\.
\begin{description} starts a labeled list. Items
are indicated by \item[label].
\begin{displaymath} sets mathematics on lines
of its own. Same as \[ or $$.
\begin{document} starts the actual text of a
document. Required.
\begin{enumerate} starts a numbered list.
\begin{eqnarray} starts a displaymath
environment in which more than one equation
can be accommodated. Separate equations with
\\ or \\*; use \nonumber to suppress
numbering a particular equation.
\begin{eqnarray*} begins an environment like
the eqnarray environment except that the
equations aren't numbered.
\begin{equation} starts a displaymath
environment and adds an equation number.
\begin{figure}[pos] begins a floating
environment, which may be optionally placed
at pos (see positions on page 8). Document
styles report and article use the default tbp.
\begin{figure*}[pos] begins a
two-column-wide gure. See \begin{figure}.
\begin{flushleft} starts environment with
ragged right-hand margin. Separate lines with
\\. See \raggedright.
\begin{flushright} starts environment with
ragged left-hand margin. Separate lines with
\\. See \raggedleft.
\begin{itemize} starts a \bulleted" ( ) list.
Start each item with \item.
\begin{list}{labeling}{spacing} starts a
general list environment. labeling speci es
how items are labeled when \item has no
argument. spacing is an optional list of
spacing parameters.
\begin{math} starts a math display like this:
x
2
+ y
2
, within text. Same as $ or \(.
\begin{minipage}[pos]{vsize} starts a box of
height vsize. Text will be positioned according
to pos (see positions on page 8).
\begin{picture}(x; y)(xl
; yl
) starts a picture
environment whose width is x units, height is y
units, and lower-left corner is the point (xl
; yl
.(
Set units with \unitlength.
\begin{quotation} starts an environment with
wider margins, normal paragraph indenting,
and o set from the text at top and bottom.
\begin{quote} starts an environment with wider
margins, no paragraph indenting, and o set
from the text at top and bottom.
\begin{tabbing} starts a columnar environment.
Use commands \= (set tab), \> (tab), \<
(backtab), \+ (indent one tab stop), \-
(outdent one tab stop), \` (flush right), \'
(flush left), \pushtabs, \poptabs, \kill, \\.
\begin{table}[pos] begins a floating
environment, which may be optionally placed
at pos (see positions on page 8). Document
styles report and article use the default tbp.
\begin{table*}[pos] begins a two-column-wide
table. See \begin{table}.
\begin{tabular}{arg} starts an array
environment which can be used in or out of
math mode. arg contains column text
positioning commands r, l, c, @{...},
p{length} (see positions on page 8).
| produces vertical line between columns.
*{7}{r|l|} repeats that entry 7 times.
\begin{theorem} | see \newtheorem.
\begin{titlepage} is an environment with no
page number, and causes following page to be
numbered \1".
\begin{verbatim} starts an environment which
will be typeset exactly as you type it, carriage
returns and all, usually in typewriter font.
\begin{verse} starts an environment for poetry
with wider margins, no paragraph indenting,
and ragged right margin.
\beta is (math mode).
\bf switches to bold face type.
\bibitem{ref} text creates a bibliography entry
text, numbers it, and labels it with reference
label ref.
\bibliography{file} | insert bibliography
from le name.bib at this point in text.
\bibliographystyle{style} | a format
speci er, like \documentstyle.
\bigcap is
T
(math mode).
\bigcirc is
(math mode).
\bigcup is
S
(math mode).
\bigodot is
J
(math mode).
\bigoplus is
L
(math mode).
\bigotimes is
N
(math mode).
\bigtriangledown is 5 (math mode).
\bigtriangleup is 4 (math mode).
\bigskip | standard \big" vertical skip.
\bigskipamount | default length for \bigskip.
\bigsqcup is
F
(math mode).
\biguplus is
U
(math mode).
\bigvee is
W
(math mode).
\bigwedge is
V
(math mode).
\bmod is binary modulo expression u mod m
(math mode).
\boldmath changes math italics and math
symbols to boldface. Should be used outside of
math mode.
\bot is ? (math mode).
\bottomfraction | maximum fraction of page
occupied by floats at the bottom.
\bowtie is ./ (math mode).
\Box is 2 (math mode).
\breve makes a breve accent: a (math mode).
\bullet is (math mode).
\c is a cedilla, as c.
\cal produces calligraphic letters, as B (math
mode).
\cap is \ (math mode).
\caption[loftitle]{text} creates a numbered
caption in a figure or table environment.
Optional loftitle contains entry for the list of
gures if di erent from text.
\cc{text} declares list of copy recipients for
letter document style.
\cdot is (math mode).
\cdots makes three dots centered on the line:
(cf. \ldots) (math mode).
\centering declares that all text following is to
be centered (cf. \begin{center}).
\chapter[toctitle]{text} begins a new
section, automatically headed and numbered.
Optional toctitle contains entry for the table
of contents if di erent from text.
\chapter*{title} is like \chapter{title}, but
adds no chapter number or table of contents
entry.
\check makes a h a cek, as a (math mode).
\chi is (math mode).
\circ is (math mode).
\circle{diameter} as a valid argument for \put
in a picture environment, draws a circle.
\circle*{diameter} is like \circle, but draws
a solid circle.
\cite[subcit]{ref} produces a reference, in
square brackets, to a bibliographic item created
with \bibitem{ref}. Optional sub-citation
subcit can be inserted in the entry.
\cleardoublepage forces next page to be a
right-hand, odd-numbered page.
\clearpage ends a page where it is, and puts
pending gures or tables on separate float
pages with no text.
\cline{i-j} draws a horizontal line across
columns i through j inclusive in array or
tabular environments.
\closing{text} declares the closing in letter
document style.
\clubsuit is | (math mode).
\columnsep | distance between columns in
two-column text.
\columnseprule | width of the rule between
columns on two-column pages.
\columnwidth | width of the current column.
Equals \textwidth in single-column text.
\cong is = (math mode).
\coprod is
`
(math mode).
\copyright is c
.
\cos is cos (math mode).
\cosh is cosh (math mode).
\cot is cot (math mode).
\coth is coth (math mode).
\csc is csc (math mode).
\cup is [ (math mode).
\d is a \dot under" accent, as o.
.
\dag is y.
\dagger is y (math mode).
\dashbox{dwid}(width,height)[pos]{text}
creates a dashed rectangle around text in a
picture environment. Dashes are dwid units
wide; dimensions of rectangle are width and
height; text is positioned at optional pos (see
positions on page 8).
\dashv is a (math mode).
\date{adate} declares the date for the
\maketitle command. The default is \today.
\day | current day of the month.
\dblfloatpagefraction | minimum fraction of
a float page that must be occupied by floats, for
two-column float pages.
\dblfloatsep | distance between floats at the
top or bottom of a two-column float page.
\dbltextfloatsep | distance between
double-width floats at the top or bottom of a
two-column page and the text on that page.
\dbltopfraction | maximum fraction at the
top of a two-column page that may be occupied
by floats.
\ddag is z.
\ddagger is z (math mode).
\ddot makes a dieresis over a letter: ¨a (math
mode).
\ddots produces a diagonal ellipsis
.
.
math) .
mode).
\deg is deg (math mode).
\delta is . \Delta is (math mode).
\det is det (math mode).
\diamond is . \Diamond is 3 (both math mode).
\diamondsuit is } (math mode).
\dim is dim (math mode).
\displaystyle switches to displaymath or
equation environment typesetting (math
mode).
\div is (math mode).
\documentstyle[substy]{sty} determines
default font, headings, etc., for document of
style sty (and optional substyle substy).
Styles: article, book, letter, report,
slides. Substyles: 11pt, 12pt, acm, draft,
fleqn, leqno, twocolumn, twoside.
\dot makes a dot over a letter: _a (math mode).
\doteq is
:
= (math mode).
\dotfill expands to ll horizontal space with
row of dots.
\doublerulesep | horizontal distance between
vertical rules created by || in tabular or
array environment.
\downarrow is #. \Downarrow is + (math mode).
\ell is ` (math mode).
\em toggles between roman and italic fonts for
emphasis.
\emptyset is ; (math mode).
\encl{text} declares a list of enclosures for
letter document style.
\end{environment} ends an environment begun
by \begin{environment} (q.v.).
\epsilon is (math mode).
\equiv is (math mode).
\eta is (math mode).
\evensidemargin | distance between left side of
page and text's normal left margin, for
even-numbered pages in two-sided printing.
\exists is 9 (math mode).
\exp is exp (math mode).
\fbox{text} makes a framed box around text.
\fboxrule | thickness of ruled frame for \fbox
and \framebox.
\fboxsep | space between frame and text for
\fbox and \framebox.
\fill | rubber length (glue) that can stretch to
arbitrary length. Usually used to justify text a
particular way.
\flat is [ (math mode).
\floatpagefraction | minimum fraction of a
float page occupied by floats.
\floatsep | distance between floats that appear
at the top or bottom of a text page.
\flushbottom causes pages to be stretched to
\textheight.
\fnsymbol{counter} prints counter as one of
the set of \footnote symbols". counter must
be less than 10.
\footheight | height of box at bottom of page
that holds page number.
\footnote{text} creates a footnote of text.
\footnotemark puts a footnote number into the
text.
\footnotesep | height of strut placed at
beginning of footnote.
\footnotesize switches to footnote-sized type.
\footskip | vertical distance between bottom of
last line of text and bottom of page footing.
\footnotetext{text} speci es the text for a
footnote which was indicated by a
\footnotemark.
\forall is 8 (math mode).
\frac{numerator}{denominator} produces a
fraction in math environments.
\frame{text} makes a framed (outlined) box
around text, with no margin between the text
and the frame.
\framebox[size][pos]{text} produces a
framed box of dimension size containing
text, optionally positioned l or r.
In picture environment,
\framebox(width,height)[pos]{text}
creates a rectangle around text; dimensions of
rectangle are width and height; text is
positioned at optional pos (see positions on
page 8).
\frown is _ (math mode).
\fussy is the default declaration for the
line-breaking algorithm (cf. \sloppy).
\gamma is γ. \Gamma is Γ (math mode).
\gcd is gcd (math mode).
\ge is (math mode).
\geq is (math mode).
\gets is (math mode).
\gg is (math mode).
\glossary{text} appends text to the .glo le
by writing a \glossaryentry command.
\glossaryentry{text}{ref} is written to the
glo le for \glossary{text} occurring at.
reference ref.
\grave makes a grave accent: a (math mode).
\H prints a long Hungarian umlaut, as }o.
\hat makes a circumflex: ^a (math mode).
\hbar is h (math mode).
\headheight | height of box at top of page that
holds running head.
\headsep | vertical distance between bottom of
head and top of text.
\heartsuit is ~ (math mode).
\hfill is \hspace{\fill} (cf. \fill).
\hline draws a horizontal line across all columns
of a tabular or array environment.
\hom is hom (math mode).
\hookleftarrow is - (math mode).
\hookrightarrow is ,! (math mode).
\hrulefill expands to ll horizontal space with
horizontal rule.
\hspace{len} leaves a horizontal space of
dimension len.
\hspace*{len} is like \hspace{len} but space is
not removed at the beginning or end of a line.
\huge switches to a very large typeface. \Huge is
even bigger.
\hyphenation{wordlist} declares hyphenation
as indicated; wordlist contains words
separated by spaces, with hyphens indicated
(e.g. \aard-vark cal-i-bra-tion").
\i is .
\iff is () (math mode).
\Im is = (math mode).
\imath is { (math mode).
\in is 2 (math mode).
\include{filename} brings in filename text at
that point.
\includeonly{file1,file2,...} limits
recognition of \include les.
\index{text} appends text to the .idx le by
writing an \indexentry command.
\indexentry{text}{ref} is written to the .idx
le for \index{text} occurring at reference
ref.
\indexspace puts blank space before rst index
entry starting with a new letter.
\inf is inf (math mode).
\infty is 1 (math mode).
\input{file} brings in text from file.tex at
that point.
\int is
R
(math mode).
\intextsep | vertical space placed above and
below float in middle of text.
\iota is (math mode).
\it switches to Italic type.
\item[text] indicates a list entry. text is
optional, used in description environment.
\itemindent | extra indentation before label in
list item. Default is 0mm.
\itemsep | vertical space between successive list
items.
\j is .
\jmath is | (math mode).
\Join is 1 (math mode).
\kappa is (math mode).
\ker is ker (math mode).
\kill | in a \tabbing environment, deletes
previous line so tabs can be set without
outputting text.
\l is l. \L is L.
\label{text} provides a reference point that is
accessed with \ref{text} or \pageref{text}.
\labelwidth | width of box containing list item
label.
\labelsep | space between box containing list
item label and text of the item.
\lambda is . \Lambda is (math mode).
\land is ^ (math mode).
\langle is h (math mode).
\large, \Large, and \LARGE switch to
successively larger than \normalsize type
sizes.
\LaTeX produces the LATEX logo.
\lbrace is f (math mode).
\lbrack is [ (math mode).
\lceil is d (math mode).
\ldots makes three dots at the base of the line:
: : : (cf. \cdots).
\le is (math mode).
\leadsto is ; (math mode).
\left* (where * is a delimiter) must be paired
with \right* (not necessarily using the same
delimiter). `.' acts as a null delimiter (math
mode).
\leftarrow is . \Leftarrow is ( (math
mode).
\lefteqn{formula} is used in the eqnarray
environment to break a long formula across
lines.
\leftharpoondown is ) (math mode).
\leftharpoonup is ( (math mode).
\leftmargin, in list environment, horizontal
distance between left margin of enclosing
environment and left margin of list. Settable
for nesting levels 1 through 6, as \leftmargini
through \leftmarginvi
\leftrightarrow is $. \Leftrightarrow is ,
(math mode).
\leq is (math mode).
\lfloor is b (math mode).
\lg is lg (math mode).
\lhd is < (math mode).
\lim is lim (math mode).
\liminf is lim inf (math mode).
\limsup is lim sup (math mode).
\line(x,y){len} in picture environment, in
\put command, draws line from \put argument
with length len and slope (x,y).
\linebreak[n] forces a line to break exactly at
this point, and adjusts line just terminated (cf.
newline). n is optional: 0 is an optional break,
4 is a mandatory break, 1, 2 and 3 are
intermediate levels of insistence.
\linethickness{dimen} sets the thickness for all
lines in a picture.
\linewidth is the width of the current line in a
paragraph.
\listoffigures begins a list of gures with
heading.
\listoftables begins a list of tables with
heading.
\listparindent | extra indentation added to
rst line of every paragraph of an item after the
rst, in list environment.
\ll is (math mode).
\ln is ln (math mode).
\lnot is : (math mode).
\log is log (math mode).
\longleftarrow is −. \Longleftarrow is (=
(math mode).
\longleftrightarrow is !.
\Longleftrightarrow is () (math mode).
\longmapsto is 7−! (math mode).
\longrightarrow is −!. \Longrightarrow is
=) (math mode).
\lor is _ (math mode).
\lq is a left-quote: `.
\makebox[size][pos]{text} creates a box of
dimension size containing text at optional
pos. \makebox(width,height)[pos]{text}
puts text in a box; dimensions of box are
width and height; text is positioned at
optional pos (see positions on page 8).
\makeglossary enables writing of
\glossaryentry commands to a .glo le.
LATEX typefaces
\rm Roman
\it Italic
\bf Boldface
\sl Slanted
\sf Sans serif
\sc Small Caps
\tt Typewriter
Dimensions or lengths
pt point (72.27 pt/in)
pc pica (12 pt/pc)
in inch
bp big point (72 bp/in)
cm centimeter (2.54 cm/in)
mm millimeter (10 mm/cm)
dd did^ot point (1157 dd = 1238 pt)
cc cicero (12 dd/cc)
sp scaled point (65536 sp/pt)
em font-dependent; \quad" width
ex font-dependent; \x"-height
LATEX environments
abstract gure quote
array flushleft tabbing
center flushright table
description itemize tabular
displaymath list theorem
enumerate math titlepage
eqnarray minipage verbatim
equation picture verse
quotation
Text-mode accents
o \`{o} o \={o} oo \t{oo}
o \'{o} _o \.{o} o \c{o}
o^ \^{o} o \u{o} o. \d{o}
o¨ \"{o} o \v{o} o
\b{o}
o~ \~{o} o} \H{o}
National symbols
\oe a \aa l \l
\OE A \AA L \L
\ae \o \ss
\AE \O
Miscellaneous symbols
y \dag x \S c
\copyright
z \ddag { \P $ \pounds
Math-mode accents
^a \hat{a} _a \dot{a}
a \check{a} ¨a \ddot{a}
~a \tilde{a} a \breve{a}
a \acute{a} a \bar{a}
a \grave{a} a~ \vec{a}
Greek letters (math mode)
\alpha \nu
\beta \xi
γ \gamma o o
\delta \pi
\epsilon \rho
\zeta \sigma
\eta \tau
\theta \upsilon
\iota \phi
\kappa \chi
\lambda \psi
\mu ! \omega
" \varepsilon & \varsigma
# \vartheta ' \varphi
% \varrho
Γ \Gamma \Sigma
\Delta \Upsilon
\Theta \Phi
\Lambda Ψ \Psi
\Xi Ω \Omega
\Pi
Binary operations (math mode)
\pm \ \cap
\mp [ \cup
n \setminus ] \uplus
\cdot u \sqcap
\times t \sqcup
\ast / \triangleleft
? \star . \triangleright
\diamond o \wr
\circ
\bigcirc
\bullet 4 \bigtriangleup
\div 5 \bigtriangledown
< \lhd > \rhd
_ \vee \odot
^ \wedge y \dagger
\oplus z \ddagger
\ominus q \amalg
⊗ \otimes \unlhd
\oslash \unrhd
Relations (math mode)
\leq \geq
\prec \succ
\preceq \succeq
\ll \gg
\subset \supset
\subseteq \supseteq
< \sqsubset = \sqsupset
v \sqsubseteq w \sqsupseteq
2 \in 3 \ni
` \vdash a \dashv
^ \smile j \mid
_ \frown k \parallel
=6 \neq ? \perp
\equiv = \cong
\sim ./ \bowtie
' \simeq / \propto
\asymp j= \models
\approx
:
= \doteq
1 \Join
Variable-sized symbols (math mode)
P X
\sum
T \
\bigcap
Q Y
\prod
S [
\bigcup
` a
\coprod
F G
\bigsqcup
R
Z
\int
W _
\bigvee
H
I
\oint
V ^
\bigwedge
J K
\bigodot
N O
\bigotimes
L M
\bigoplus
U ]
\biguplus
Delimiters (math mode)
( ( ) )
[ [ ] ]
f \{ g \}
b \lfloor c \rfloor
d \lceil e \rceil
h \langle i \rangle
= / n \backslash
j \vert k \Vert
" \uparrow * \Uparrow
# \downarrow + \Downarrow
l \updownarrow m \Updownarrow
\Log-like" functions (math mode)
\arccos \csc \ker \min
\arcsin \deg \lg \Pr
\arctan \det \lim \sec
\arg \dim \liminf \sin
\cos \exp \limsup \sinh
\cosh \gcd \ln \sup
\cot \hom \log \tan
\coth \inf \max \tanh
Arrows (math mode)
\leftarrow − \longleftarrow
( \Leftarrow (= \Longleftarrow
! \rightarrow −! \longrightarrow
) \Rightarrow =) \Longrightarrow
$ \leftrightarrow ! \longleftrightarrow
, \Leftrightarrow () \Longleftrightarrow
7! \mapsto 7−! \longmapsto
- \hookleftarrow ,! \hookrightarrow
( \leftharpoonup * \rightharpoonup
) \leftharpoondown + \rightharpoondown
*) \rightleftharpoons ; \leadsto
" \uparrow m \Updownarrow
* \Uparrow % \nearrow
# \downarrow & \searrow
+ \Downarrow . \swarrow
l \updownarrow - \nwarrow
Miscellaneous symbols (math mode)
@ \aleph 0 \prime
h \hbar ; \emptyset
{ \imath r \nabla
| \jmath
p
\surd
` \ell > \top
} \wp ? \bot
< \Re k \|
= \Im 6 \angle
@ \partial 4 \triangle
1 \infty n \backslash
2 \Box 3 \Diamond
8 \forall ] \sharp
9 \exists | \clubsuit
: \neg } \diamondsuit
[ \flat ~ \heartsuit
\ \natural ♠ \spadesuit
0 \mho
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